What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?

What do you mean by payment gateways? Explain its advantages and disadvantages.

What is a Payment Gateway?

A payment gateway is a technology that facilitates online transactions by acting as a bridge between a merchant’s website and the payment processor. It securely transfers payment information from the customer to the acquiring bank and ensures the transaction is authorized and completed safely.

Popular examples include PayPal, Stripe, Razorpay, Square, and PayU.

Advantages of Payment Gateways

A payment gateway is a technology that facilitates online transactions by securely transferring payment data between customers, merchants, and financial institutions. Businesses and consumers benefit from using payment gateways in multiple ways.

1. Security and Fraud Protection

• Uses encryption and tokenization to protect sensitive payment data.
• Complies with PCI-DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) to ensure secure transactions.
• Includes fraud detection tools like OTP (One-Time Passwords), CVV verification, and AI-based fraud analysis.

2. Convenience and Speed

• Enables instant payments, reducing transaction time.
• Supports multiple payment methods such as credit/debit cards, UPI, net banking, wallets, and Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) options.
• Provides a seamless checkout experience, improving customer satisfaction.

3. Global Reach

• Accepts payments in multiple currencies, allowing businesses to cater to international customers.
• Supports cross-border transactions, enabling global e-commerce growth.

4. Increased Sales and Conversion Rates

• Provides one-click payments and saved card options, reducing cart abandonment.
• Supports mobile and app-based payments, enhancing user experience.
• Integrates with e-commerce platforms, making online shopping hassle-free.

5. Easy Integration and Automation

• Can be integrated with websites, mobile apps, and POS (Point of Sale) systems.
• Automated recurring billing for subscription-based services.
• Provides real-time transaction tracking and reporting, improving financial management. What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?

6. Cost-Effective and Scalable

• Reduces the need for manual handling of payments, saving time and operational costs.
• Supports businesses of all sizes, from startups to large enterprises, with custom pricing plans and flexible APIs.

7. Customer Trust and Reliability

• Reputed payment gateways enhance brand credibility.
• Offer chargeback and dispute resolution mechanisms to protect both buyers and sellers.
• Ensure uptime reliability, preventing transaction failures.

Conclusion

Payment gateways are essential for businesses looking to expand their digital presence and provide secure, efficient, and user-friendly payment solutions. By leveraging the benefits of a payment gateway, businesses can enhance customer trust, streamline operations, and increase sales. What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?

Disadvantages of Payment Gateways

While payment gateways offer numerous benefits, they also come with certain challenges and limitations. Here are some key disadvantages:

1. Transaction Fees and Costs

• Most payment gateways charge transaction fees (ranging from 1% to 3% per transaction), which can add up over time.
• Additional charges may include setup fees, monthly maintenance fees, and chargeback fees.
• For small businesses, these costs can reduce profit margins.

2. Security and Fraud Risks

• Despite advanced security measures, cyberattacks, phishing, and data breaches can still occur.
• Chargeback fraud, where customers dispute legitimate transactions, can lead to financial losses.
• Businesses need to constantly monitor transactions to detect fraudulent activities. What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?

3. Technical Issues and Downtime

• Server downtimes or connectivity issues can disrupt transactions, leading to lost sales.
• Payment gateways rely on third-party systems, meaning businesses have limited control over outages.
• Slow processing speeds during peak hours may frustrate customers.

4. Integration Challenges

• Some gateways require complex integration with e-commerce platforms, which may need technical expertise. What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?
• Compatibility issues can arise with older websites or in-house billing systems.
• API updates or changes in security protocols may require frequent modifications.

5. Limited Payment Support in Some Regions

• Certain payment gateways may not support all currencies or international transactions.
• Some platforms restrict high-risk businesses (e.g., gambling, adult content, or cryptocurrency businesses).
• Cross-border fees may be high, making international sales expensive.

6. Customer Experience Issues

• Some payment gateways redirect customers to an external site, causing trust issues and cart abandonment.
• Payment failures due to OTP issues, bank downtimes, or incorrect data entry can frustrate users. What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?
• Refunds and dispute resolutions can be slow and complex.

7. Compliance and Regulatory Requirements

• Businesses must adhere to PCI-DSS compliance and KYC (Know Your Customer) regulations, which can be time-consuming.
• Payment gateways must comply with local government regulations, and failure to do so can lead to legal issues.
• Policy changes (e.g., RBI’s recurring payment guidelines in India) can impact business operations. What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?

Conclusion

Despite these drawbacks, payment gateways remain essential for online businesses. To minimize risks, businesses should choose a reliable provider, ensure compliance, and implement strong security measures. Understanding the limitations helps businesses make informed decisions when selecting a payment gateway. You can final the syllabus of E-Commerce for Mcom-lV on the official website of Gndu. What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?

Important questions of Payment Gateway.

1. Features and Importance of E-Commerce 

2. Models of E-Commerce 

What are the advantages and disadvantages of gateway?

Law of marginal utility

What is the cardinal utility analysis? Critical Examine a law of diminishing Marginal Utility.

Meaning of Cardinal utility

Meaning of cardinal utility :- Cardinal utility refers to cardinal numbers like 1, 2, 3, 4 etc. Cardinal utility are those numbers which can be added or subtracted.

In other words:- When we consume anything its utility measures in numbers like counting as 1,2,3,4,5, etc. Which can be increased and decreased in total utility. Law of marginal utility

Definition of utility:- Want Satisfying power of a good is called utility. It denotes a quality in a commodity or service by virtue of which our wants are satisfied.

According to Hibbdon, “Utility is the quality of a good that satisfies a want”.

Meaning of Marginal Utility

Meaning of Marginal Utility:- The change that takes place in the total utility by the consumption of an additional unit of a commodity is called marginal utility.

For Example:- By consumption of the first cup of tea you get 15 units of utility and by the consumption of the second cup of tea your total utility goes up to 25 units. It means, the consumption of a second cup of tea has added 10 units = 25-15 of utility to the total utility. So here the difference of 10 units of utility of consumption is called marginal utility. Law of marginal utility

Definition of Marginal Utility:- “Marginal utility is the addition made to the total utility in consumption by consuming one more unit of commodity and that difference lies in the previous and successive unit of a consumption.” is called marginal utility. Law of marginal utility

Marginal utility can be measured with the help of the following equation.

MUnth= TUn – TUn–1

Law of diminishing marginal Utility

Meaning of law of diminishing marginal Utility:- When you Consume the same thing again and again at any given time, then the number of such goods with you goes on increasing. The marginal utility from each successive thing will go on decreasing. It is the reality of our life. Which is described in economics as the law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.

Definition of law of Diminishing marginal utility :- “As the amount of any thing that a person consume increases more and more, the satisfaction of that successive object will decrease due to the consumption increases of a commodity, so it decreases the satisfaction of the consumer”. Law of marginal utility

In other words:- When a consumer consumes more and more units of a commodity, in a given time, the Utility derived from each successive unit goes on diminishing.

So consumers will buy a product at that point where the marginal utility of the commodity is equal to price paid for it. Law of marginal utility

Price = Marginal Utility

Law of diminishing marginal utility can be understood by considering the following table.

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

Table Shows that

• The First cup of tea yields 4 units of marginal utility. This will satisfy your want to some extent.
• The second cup of Tea yields still less marginal utility than the first one as is 3 units.
• Third cup of tea yields still less marginal utility as 2 units, and
• Fourth cup of tea is just 1 unit of marginal utility. At this point, want may be fully satisfied.
• Thus, the Fifth cup of tea yields zero marginal utility.
• If you take the sixth cup of tea it may upset your system. In other words you may get negative utility say, –1 unit.

It is evident from the Above Table that as more and more units of cup of tea are consumed, Thus Marginal utility from each Successive unit goes on diminishing.

From the above Figure we can understand units of Quantity are shown on the ox-axis and Marginal Utility on the oy-axis. This slopes downward from left to Right.

• As we see, the first cup of Tea yields Four utilities.
• Second cup of tea yields three units.
• Third cup yields two utilities.
• Fourth cup of tea yields one of marginal Utility.
• Fifth cup of tea yields zero marginal Utility. At this point, AB Curve touches the x-axis at point ‘C’ that shows the fifth cup of tea.
• Sixth cup of tea yields negative marginal utility. So, the AB curve goes below the x-axis.

Conclusion – From the above discussion we understand that cardinal utility is measured in numbers as like 1,2,3,4.. So on. We are also able to understand the concept of marginal utility of consumption. Marginal utility rule is implemented in the normal life of human beings. Law of marginal utility you can download the syllabus Business Economics on the official website of Gndu.

Conclusion of Marginal Utility

The concept of marginal utility explains how consumer satisfaction changes with each additional unit of a good or service consumed. It follows the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, which states that as consumption increases, the additional satisfaction (marginal utility) derived from each extra unit gradually decreases. Law of marginal utility

Law of marginal utility

Difference between bailment and pledge

Distinguish between the contracts of Bailment and Pledge.

Meaning of Bailment

Bailment in contract law refers to a legal relationship in which the owner of goods (the bailor) delivers the goods to another party (the bailee) for a specific purpose under a contract, with the understanding that the goods will be returned once the purpose is fulfilled or otherwise dealt with according to the owner’s instructions. difference between b

Meaning of Pledge

Pledge in contract law refers to a special type of bailment where goods or movable property are delivered by one party (the pledgor) to another party (the pledgee) as security for a debt or loan. The pledgee holds possession of the goods until the debt is repaid. Difference between bailment and pledge

Now, we can understand from the above meaning that Bailment and pledge are both types of contracts where one party temporarily transfers possession of goods or property to another party. However, they differ in purpose, rights, and obligations.

1.Purpose:

Bailment: The transfer of goods or property is for a specific purpose, such as repair, safekeeping, or transportation. The bailee is required to return the goods once the purpose is fulfilled.

Pledge: The goods are transferred as security for a loan or obligation. The pledgee has the right to sell the goods if the borrower defaults on the loan.

2. Ownership and Possession:

Bailment: The bailor retains ownership of the goods, while the bailee has temporary possession.

Pledge: The pledgor retains ownership, but the pledgee has possession of the goods as collateral for a debt.

3. Obligations:

Bailment: The bailee must take reasonable care of the goods, and they must return the goods once the purpose is completed

Pledge: The pledgee must safeguard the goods and return them once the debt is repaid. If the pledgor defaults, the pledgee has the right to sell the goods.

4. Legal Rights:

Bailment: The bailee has no right to sell or dispose of the goods.

Pledge: The pledgee has the right to sell the goods if the borrower defaults on the loan.

Examples:

• Bailment: Lending a car to a friend for a trip, depositing clothes at a dry cleaner.
• Pledge: Pledging jewelry or other valuables to secure a loan.

In summary, while both involve the temporary transfer of possession, bailment focuses on fulfilling a specific purpose, and pledge is mainly concerned with securing a loan. Difference between bailment and pledge

Conclusion of Bailment and Pledge

Both bailment and pledge involve the transfer of goods from one party to another, but they serve different purposes. Difference between bailment and pledge

Bailment:- is a contractual arrangement where goods are delivered by one party (the bailor) to another (the bailee) for a specific purpose, with the expectation of return or disposal as agreed. The bailee is responsible for taking reasonable care of the goods.

Pledge:- (a special type of bailment) is when goods are delivered as security for a debt or loan. The pledgee (creditor) has the right to sell the goods if the pledgor (borrower) fails to repay the debt. Difference between bailment and pledge

In conclusion:-, bailment focuses on the safekeeping and return of goods, while pledge is centered on securing a loan with goods as collateral. Both concepts emphasize trust, responsibility, and legal obligations between parties. you can check the syllabus on the official website of gndu.

When consent is not free

When consent is not free

Difference between bailment and pledge

M.com subjects in gndu best 01

M. Com Sem-l

M. Com Sem-ll

M. Com Sem-lll

M. Com Sem-lV

M.com subjects in Gndu

If you would like to know the syllabus after knowing these subjects. You must visit on the official website GNDU. For the purpose of checking syllabus.

Gndu previous questions papers for M.Com-l

Managerial Economics

Statistical Analysis of Business

1. Statistical Analysis of Business 2024

Business Environment

1. Business Environment 2024

Management Principles and organization behaviour

1. Management Principles and organization behaviour 2024

Management Accounting and Control System

1. Management Accounting and Control system 2024

What do you mean by cost accounting?

What do you mean by cost accounting?

Meaning of cost:- Cost means price paid for something. But in the management terminology, Cost refers to the expenditure not a price. Thus cost represents a sacrifice of values for attaining

something.Definition According to the cost and management accountants, London, As “The amount of expenditure incurred on a given thing”.Example:- For Manufacturing of Clothes, The expenditure incurred on purchase of cotton, wages paid to weavers, salary paid to factory manager, supervisor and Depreciation of machinery in factories are the example of Cost items.

Meaning of Costing:- Costing is the method of ascertaining the cost of operations of manufacturing goods and services in the industry. Definition of Costing According to Weldon:- Cost is the recording, allocation and classifying the expenditure for the determination of costs of products or servic

However, there are different methods for ascertaining cost in different industries based on the nature of operations.Cost Accountancy :- Cost Accountancy is the application of principles of methods and techniques of costing and cost accounting. It is the art and science through which a cost accountant practices to have cost control and cost ascertainment. It contains the presentation of information for the purpose of managerial decision making.Scope of Cost Accountancy :- The scope of cost accountancy is wide and includes the following. What do you mean by cost accounting• Cost Ascertainment• Cost Accounting• Cost Control• Cost AuditNow let\’s study the question: what do you mean by Cost Accounting? COST ACCOUNTINGCost Accounting:- Cost Accounting is the process of accounting to record the costs of operations of the business in order to ascertain the total cost and per unit cost of services and products. Cost accounting is helpful to the management where a company is spending its money. How much money is being lost to earning.Cost accounting is useful for cost control and improving the efficiency of management. What do you mean by cost accountingDefinition According to the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants as “The techniques and process of ascertaining costs”. Cost accounting involves the recording of costs for the purpose of ascertaining and controlling the costs of products and services.In other words:- Cost accounting is the process of recording, classifying and analysing the expenditure for the purpose of product costing or service costing. So it is useful for ascertaining profitability planning and cost control.There are some costing methods like Budgeting, Standard Costing, Marginal costing and Material control techniques that are widely used by many businesses these days.Definition according to the Gordon, Cost Accounting is defined as “The body of concepts, methods and procedure used to measure, analyse, estimate the costs, profitability and performance of individual, products, departments and other segments of a company operations for internal and external use or both, and report to the externally interested parties”.This definition is simple which covers all important features of the cost Accounting system.However, These three terms as “ Costing”, “Cost Accounting”, “Cost Accountancy” are different from each other. Which are considered different by various authorities of cost accountants.

Features of Cost AccountingThe main features of cost accounting are as following

1. Cost accounting is the special branch of accounting which deals with the ascertainment of cost of products and services.

2. Cost Accounting is both Art and Science

.3. Cost Accounting also follows a double entry system like Financial Accounting.

4. Costs Accounting involves mainly recording, classification, analysis and ascertainment of costs.

5. Cost Accounting determines cost as total cost and per unit cost.

6. Cost Accounting provides appropriate data for determining the selling price of products and services as well as determining the quotation price and tender price.

7. Cost Account provides essential data for the purpose of exercising effective control over costs.

8. It provides data to the management for use in forward planning and decision making processes.

9. Cost control provides many techniques to the management for the controlling material in the business.

10. Cost accounts are used for making the budget for decreasing costs of products and services.

Now, we can understand the concept of cost accounting and the questions: what do you mean by cost accounting? And importance concerned with the business for ascertaining and controlling the costs. What do you mean by cost accountingconclusion:- Cost Accounting deals with the recording, classification and ascertaining costs for different products, processes, segments, centres and services of the business. Which represents total cost and per unit cost for the purpose of controlling costs as per desired target. It is also helpful to determine the appropriate price for selling products in the market. What do you mean by cost accountingThere is one more important question concerned with the cost accounting as follows. What are the 4 types of costs? When you are tired on the way to study you can read stunning love poetry as per your interest for the purpose of refreshing your mind. What do you mean by cost accountingWhat do you mean by cost accounting

The doll’s house summary

Briefly describe the picture of the society portrayed by the narrator.

1. In the story of the doll’s house, the author described the society. ਗੁੱਡੀ ਦੇ ਘਰ ਦੀ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਵਿਚ ਲੇਖਕ ਨੇ ਸਮਾਜ ਦਾ ਵਰਣਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ।

2. Where the poor people are looked down upon. ਜਿੱਥੇ ਗਰੀਬ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਨੀਚ ਸਮਝਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

3. But in the story Burnells are rich people.  ਪਰ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਵਿਚ ਬਰਨੇਲਸ ਅਮੀਰ ਲੋਕ ਹਨ।

4. Their children have received a gift from a rich relative. ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਸੇ ਅਮੀਰ ਰਿਸ਼ਤੇਦਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਤੋਹਫ਼ਾ ਮਿਲਿਆ ਹੈ।

5. This gift is a doll’s house.  ਇਹ ਤੋਹਫ਼ਾ ਗੁੱਡੀ ਦਾ ਘਰ ਹੈ।

6. It is complete in all respects.  ਇਹ ਹਰ ਪੱਖੋਂ ਸੰਪੂਰਨ ਹੈ।

7. The children are keen to show it to their friends in their school.  ਬੱਚੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਕੂਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੋਸਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਇਹ ਦਿਖਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਉਤਸੁਕ ਹਨ।
8. The doll’s house summary

8. The eldest Burnell child girl decided who will be asked to see the doll’s house first. ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੀ ਬਰਨੇਲ ਬਾਲ ਕੁੜੀ ਨੇ ਫੈਸਲਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਕਿ ਕਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਗੁੱਡੀ ਦਾ ਘਰ ਦੇਖਣ ਲਈ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ।

9. There are also poor girls from the kelvey family in that school. ਉਸ ਸਕੂਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੈਲਵੀ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਗਰੀਬ ਲੜਕੀਆਂ ਵੀ ਹਨ।

10. They are the children of a washerman who works for the rich people. ਉਹ ਇੱਕ ਧੋਬੀ ਦੇ ਬੱਚੇ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਅਮੀਰ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।

11. Their father is a prisoner.  ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਪਿਤਾ ਕੈਦੀ ਹਨ।

12. The Burnell children have been told that they are to keep themselves away from the Kelveys children.  ਬਰਨੇਲ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਕੈਲਵੀਜ਼ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਦੂਰ ਰੱਖਣ।

13. Because they are not refined people.  ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਉਹ ਸ਼ੁੱਧ ਲੋਕ ਨਹੀਂ ਹਨ।

14. The prejudice of the parents has been reached down to the children.  ਮਾਪਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਭੇਦ-ਭਾਵ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਤੱਕ ਹੇਠਾਂ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।

15. So rich children treat them bad and look down upon the Kelveys children.  ਇਸ ਲਈ ਅਮੀਰ ਬੱਚੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਬੁਰਾ ਸਲੂਕ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਕੈਲਵੀਜ਼ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਨੀਚ ਸਮਝਦੇ ਹਨ।

16. Their hatred was so strong with the Kelveys children that they made fun of them.  ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਨਫ਼ਰਤ ਕੈਲਵੀਜ਼ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਇੰਨੀ ਜ਼ਬਰਦਸਤ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਮਜ਼ਾਕ ਉਡਾਉਂਦੇ ਸਨ।

17. So a girl named Lena Logan dares to ask LiL that she will become a servant as a grown up woman.  ਇਸ ਲਈ ਲੀਨਾ ਲੋਗਨ ਨਾਮ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਕੁੜੀ ਲਿਐਲ ਨੂੰ ਪੁੱਛਣ ਦੀ ਹਿੰਮਤ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਇੱਕ ਵੱਡੀ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਨੌਕਰ ਬਣੇਗੀ।

18. As her aim is to hurt the Kelveys. ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਉਸਦਾ ਉਦੇਸ਼ ਕੈਲਵੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ਠੇਸ ਪਹੁੰਚਾਉਣਾ ਹੈ.

19. Lil gives a light smile. ਲਿਲ ਇੱਕ ਹਲਕੀ ਮੁਸਕਰਾਹਟ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ।

20. Lena also says that her father is a prisoner.  ਲੀਨਾ ਦਾ ਇਹ ਵੀ ਕਹਿਣਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਸਦਾ ਪਿਤਾ ਇੱਕ ਕੈਦੀ ਹੈ।

21. This is the result of the parents who put all this prejudice into minds of their children. ਇਹ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਮਾਪਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਨਤੀਜਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਇਹ ਸਾਰਾ ਪੱਖਪਾਤ ਆਪਣੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਮਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ।

22. However, Kezia has sympathy for the Kelveys girls.  ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ, ਕੇਜ਼ੀਆ ਨੂੰ ਕੈਲਵੀਜ਼ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਲਈ ਹਮਦਰਦੀ ਹੈ।

23. So she wants to show the doll’s house to them. ਇਸ ਲਈ ਉਹ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਗੁੱਡੀ ਦਾ ਘਰ ਦਿਖਾਉਣਾ ਚਾਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। The doll’s house summary

24. Thus, she invites them to her home without taking permission from her mother. ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ, ਉਹ ਆਪਣੀ ਮਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਆਗਿਆ ਲਏ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰ ਬੁਲਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ।

25. The Kelveys children feel very happy on seeing the doll’s house. ਗੁੱਡੀ ਦੇ ਘਰ ਨੂੰ ਦੇਖ ਕੇ ਕੈਲਵੀਜ਼ ਬੱਚੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਖੁਸ਼ ਮਹਿਸੂਸ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ।

26. At the same time Aunt Berryl comes there. ਉਸੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਮਾਸੀ ਬੇਰੀਲ ਉੱਥੇ ਆ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ।

27. And she harshly orders the Kelveys children to go away from there. ਅਤੇ ਉਸਨੇ ਕਠੋਰਤਾ ਨਾਲ ਕੇਲਵੀ ਦੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਉੱਥੋਂ ਚਲੇ ਜਾਣ ਦਾ ਆਦੇਸ਼ ਦਿੱਤਾ| 

28. Which shows the prejudice of the elders.  ਜੋ ਬਜ਼ੁਰਗਾਂ ਦੇ ਪੱਖਪਾਤ ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ। The doll’s house summary

When you’re tired on the way to study you can read love loaded poetry as per your interest from the given category. Which process will be helpful to relieve you. The doll’s house summary

You must learn all these questions concerning the “Doll’s house”. These all questions are important for the students. These are the following. The doll’s house summary

• Theme of the doll’s house 
• Picture of the society as per the author in the story of doll’s house.
• Which represents the symbol of the lamp of the doll’s house.
• What is the significance of the title of the story “The Doll’s House”.

You can also consider the previous question papers of the gndu. Because mostly previous questions are repeated in the forthcoming examination of the university.  The doll’s house summary

The doll’s house summary